Three modes of climate change since the Last Glacial Maximum in arid and semi-arid regions of the Asian continent

The westerly winds and East Asian summer monsoon play a leading role in climate change of southwestern North America eastern Asia since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), respectively. Their convergence arid semi-arid regions continent (AAC) makes regional more complicated on millennial-scale. There are still limitations applying paleoclimate records simulations characteristic periods to investigate patterns LGM this region. In study, we adopt two indexes indicating effective moisture rely continuous simulation, time slice numerous comprehensively modes their driving mechanisms AAC. Results demonstrate millennial-scale differentiation phenomenon three possibly occurring AAC LGM. western largely controlled by is featured as wet climates during but relatively dry mid-Holocene (MH), coinciding with mode America. Conversely, conditions MH reflected governed monsoon, which leans Asia. If central forced interaction circulations, it expresses both MH, tending combination American modes. Precipitation evaporation exert different intensities influencing periods. Furthermore, identify significant effects greenhouse gases ice sheets westerly-dominated zones AAC, while orbit-driven insolation monsoon-dominated